Standardized Testing in Schools Essay -- Standardized Testing Essays

Perspectives on Standardized Testing State administered testing has for quite some time been a questionable technique for evaluation in our schools. Such tests are significant pointers of understudy accomplishment and inclination. In any case, some government sanctioned grades have been abused as a way in which to follow understudies, assign school reserves, and even decide educator pay. State sanctioned tests, when utilized properly and for the correct reasons, can sufficiently decide an understudy's current degree of qualities and shortcomings and their fitness for specific capacities. There are two essential kinds of accomplishment appraisals: standard referenced and model referenced. In a standard referenced test, an understudy's scores are contrasted with other understudies' scores to decide how the kid is acting comparable to others his age (Woolfolk, A., 2004). A rule referenced test looks at an understudy's scores to a set norm, not to other test takers. Basis referenced tests for the most part measure explicit goals and are useful to educators since they measure explicit scholarly qualities and shortcomings (Woolfolk, A., 2004). Remembered for these kinds of evaluations are the three sorts of government sanctioned tests: accomplishment, fitness, and analytic (Woolfolk, A., 2004). The accomplishment test gauges the amount of the material has been aced. Tests, for example, the ACT, ITBS, and ITED are all standard referenced, accomplishment tests (Woolfolk, A., 2004). These tests measure dominance of such territories as understanding appreciation, math calculation, and verbal abilities, alongside social examinations and sciences (Woolfolk, A., 2004). The inclination test is utilized to anticipate future execution by testing capacities which have been created over numerous years (Woolfolk, A., 2004). The SAT and the IQ test are examp... ...nrichment open doors for those exceeding expectations. For my study hall, exertion on credible appraisals and work/progress portfolios will best any state administered test score. Learning ought to be fun, and loaded up with numerous chances to investigate and find new and energizing thoughts. Works Cited Hlebowitsh, Peter S. (Talk). (2003, November 21). Establishments of American Education (second ed.). Wadsworth: University of Iowa Press. Significance of Testing in Psychology and Education. (2002). Recovered November 30, 2003, from http://www.a2zpsychology.com/articles/importance_of_testing_in_psychol.htm. Reed, Eric. (Doctoral Student for University of Iowa College of Education). (Talk). Multiculturalism and the Testing Debate. Human Relations for the Classroom Teacher. (2003, October 21). Woolfolk, Anita. (2004). Instructive Psychology. (ninth ed). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Easy Persuasive Essay Topics For Elementary Students

Easy Persuasive Essay Topics For Elementary StudentsWriting an easy persuasive essay topics for elementary students will help your students develop better writing skills. There are lots of easy persuasive essay topics for elementary students that you can use, so do not be afraid to experiment and explore what students can handle and work with.The first easy persuasive essay topics for elementary students is the subject of food. Students can look at different recipes and look at a variety of food and find ways they would use these ideas. They can also see how each way would be different. They can see that many foods can be adapted and changed in order to be more delicious.They can learn about the different types of food, whether they like the one they have or not. They can learn about the different types of fruits and vegetables. They can learn about meat products. They can learn about all the types of foods that they can eat and also how they can eat them.One of the best easy persuas ive essay topics for elementary students is the topic of pets. They can learn that animals can be cared for and enjoy being around and they can also learn about the many types of pets and how they can interact and be treated like animals.The topic of pets can be used as an easy persuasive essay topics for elementary students. They can learn about cats and dogs and then they can look at other animals and learn how they are different. They can learn that animals have their own personalities.A topic for a persuasive essay can be easy persuasive essay topics for elementary students, if it is interesting and helpful. It can be fun to write. In the last paragraph, it can help children develop better writing skills. It will give them a chance to express their thoughts in an organized and structured way.Using the same theme will make it easier to write persuasive essays because students will already be familiar with the essay topic before they get started. Use the same format throughout the essay.Writing an easy persuasive essay topics for elementary students will help their skills develop. Many times students do not get a chance to write things about things that interest them. Writing something about something that interests them will help them and can help develop better writing skills.

AP World Exams - Essay Sample

AP World Exams - Essay SampleAP World Exams is one of the most difficult exams of all the AP exams. With the exams, you need to put a lot of time and effort into answering them so that you can make it through the exam and get your certification.In order to pass the test, you need to work on writing the essays and taking the essay samples, and you need to know how to do it in order to make it through the exam. There are many resources that will help you prepare for the AP exam. If you study, then you will be able to know what to expect from the exam.The best place to find the AP exam essay samples and the essay samples that you will need is at the Pearson website. At this site, you will be able to find the test, guides, and guides that you will need for the AP exam. You will also be able to find AP World Exams sample tests for free so that you can see what things are on the exam. When you take the AP Exam, you will be able to take the practice exam online and practice answering the qu estions and the requirements of the exam.There are many guides that you will be able to find on the AP practice exam that will help you get ready for the exam. These include answers to the questions, writing samples, and short summaries of what to expect during the exam. When you take the practice exam, you will be able to see where you need to focus your attention in order to prepare for the exam.One of the best resources that you will be able to find on the practice exam is an exam explanation guide. There are some guides that will help you write an essay for the AP Exam. The best part about this is that you will be able to find tips and tricks and techniques that you can use when writing for the exam.The world exam is not easy. It requires that you read through the questions and answer them and then you need to determine if you did the right thing. The best way to do this is to take the essay examples that you will need and look at them over again until you feel comfortable with the way that you have answered the question.You should look at the essay samples as much as possible and you should take practice tests at the same time every day. By doing this, you will be able to get used to the test and you will be able to figure out what questions to expect and what you need to write on the test. When you get to the end of the exam, you will be able to see which questions were asked and how you answered them.The answer is not always right and sometimes you will be asked to write something that you know is wrong or will not help you. Taking the practice test will help you figure out whether or not you have answered the question correctly or not and you will be able to decide whether or not you need to change the way that you will be writing for the exam.

10 Facts About Adolf Hitler

Among the world leaders of the 20th century, Adolf Hitler is the most notorious. The founder of the Nazi Party, Hitler is responsible for starting  World War II and unleashing the genocide of the Holocaust. Although he killed himself in the waning days of the war, his historical legacy continues to reverberate in the 21st century. Learn more about Adolf Hitlers life and times with these 10 facts. A Surprising Artistic Dream Throughout his youth, Adolf Hitler dreamed of becoming an artist. He applied in 1907 and again the following year to the Vienna Academy of Art but was denied admission both times. At the end of 1908, his mother, Klara Hitler died of breast cancer, and Adolf spent the next four years living on the streets of Vienna, selling postcards of his artwork to survive. Parents and Siblings Bettmann/Getty Images Despite being so readily identified with Germany, Adolf Hitler wasnt a German national by birth. He was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889, to Alois (1837–1903) and Klara Hitler (1860–1907). The union was Alois Hitlers third. During their marriage, Alois and Klara Hitler had five other children, but only their daughter  Paula (1896–1960) survived to adulthood. Soldier in World War I Hulton Archive/Getty Images As nationalism roiled Europe, Austria began conscripting young men into the military. To avoid being conscripted, Hitler moved to Munich, Germany, in May 1913. Ironically, he volunteered to serve in the German army once World War I began. During his four years of military service, Hitler never rose higher than the rank of corporal, though he was decorated twice for valor. Hitler sustained two major injuries during the war. The first occurred at the Battle of the Somme in October 1916 when he was wounded by shrapnel and spent two months in the hospital. Two years later, on Oct. 13, 1918, a British mustard gas attack caused Hitler to go temporarily blind. He spent the remainder of the war recuperating from his injuries. Political Roots Like many on the losing side of World War I, Hitler was furious at Germanys capitulation and the harsh penalties that the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war, imposed. Returning to Munich, he joined the German Workers Party, a small right-wing political organization with anti-Semitic leanings. Hitler soon became the partys leader, created a 25-point platform for the party, and established the  swastika  as the partys symbol. In 1920, the partys name was changed to National Socialist German Workers Party, commonly known as the  Nazi Party. Over the next several years, Hitler often gave public speeches that gained him attention, followers, and financial support. An Attempted Coup Motivated by the success of Benito Mussolinis seizing power in Italy in 1922, Hitler and other Nazi leaders plotted their own coup in a Munich beer hall. In the overnight hours of Nov. 8 and 9, 1923, Hitler led a group of about 2,000 Nazis into downtown Munich in a putsch, an attempt to overthrow the regional government. Violence broke out when police confronted and fired upon the marchers, killing 16 Nazis. The coup, which came to be known as the Beer Hall Putsch, was a failure, and Hitler fled. Apprehended two days later, Hitler was tried and sentenced to five years in prison for treason. While behind bars, he wrote his autobiography, Mein Kampf  (My Struggle). In the book, he articulated many of the anti-Semitic and nationalist philosophies he would later make policy as German leader. Hitler was released from prison after only nine months, determined to build up the Nazi Party in order to take over the German government using legal means. The Nazis Seize Power German President Paul von Hindenburg (left) in a car with Nazi leader and Chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler in Berlin, 1st May 1933. Culture Club/Getty Images Even while Hitler was in prison, the Nazi Party continued to participate in local and national elections, slowly consolidating power throughout the rest of the 1920s. By 1932, the German economy was reeling from the Great Depression, and the ruling government proved unable to quell the political and social extremism that roiled much of the nation. In the July 1932 elections, just months after Hitler became a German citizen (thus making him eligible to hold office), the Nazi Party obtained 37.3 percent of the vote in national elections, giving it a majority in the Reichstag, Germanys parliament. On Jan. 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor. Hitler, the Dictator On Feb. 27, 1933, the Reichstag burned under mysterious circumstances. Hitler used the fire as an excuse to suspend many basic civil and political rights and to consolidate his political power. When  German President  Paul von Hindenburg  died in office on Aug. 2, 1934,  Hitler took the title of fà ¼hrer and Reichskanzler (leader and Reich Chancellor), assuming dictatorial control over the government.   Hitler set about rapidly rebuilding Germanys military, in clear defiance of the  Versailles Treaty. At the same time, the Nazi government began swiftly cracking down on political dissent and enacting an ever-harsher series of laws disenfranchising Jews, gays, the disabled, and others that would culminate in the Holocaust. In March 1938, demanding more land for the German people, Hitler annexed Austria (called the Anschluss) without firing a single shot. Not satisfied, Hitler agitated further, eventually annexing Czechoslovakias western provinces. World War II Begins Adolf Hitler plans military strategy at the German Army Headquarters, circa 1940. Keystone/Getty Images Emboldened by his territorial gain and new alliances with Italy and Japan, Hitler turned his eyes east to Poland. On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded, quickly overrunning Polish defenses and occupying the western half of the nation. Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany, having pledged to defend Poland. The Soviet Union, having signed a secret nonaggression treaty with Hitler, occupied eastern Poland. World War II  had begun, but the real fighting was months away. On April 9, 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway; the following month, the Nazi war machine crossed through Holland and Belgium, attacking France and sending British troops fleeing back to the U.K. By the following summer, the Germans seemed unstoppable, having invaded North Africa, Yugoslavia, and Greece. But Hitler, hungry for more, made what would eventually be his fatal mistake. On June 22, Nazi troops attacked the Soviet Union, determined to dominate Europe. The War Turns The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, drew the U.S. into the world war, and Hitler responded by declaring war on America. For the next two years, the Allied nations of the U.S., the U.S.S.R., Britain, and the French Resistance struggled to contain the German military. Not until the D-Day invasion of June 6, 1944, did the tide truly turn, and the Allies began to squeeze Germany from both east and west. The Nazi regime was slowly crumbling from without and within. On July 20, 1944, Hitler barely survived an assassination attempt, called the July Plot, led by one of his top military officers. Over the following months, Hitler assumed more direct control over German war strategy, but he was doomed to failure. The Final Days In his last official photo, Adolf Hitler leaves the safety of his bunker to award decorations to members of Hitler Youth. Keystone Features/Getty Images   As Soviet troops neared the outskirts of Berlin in the waning days of April 1945, Hitler and his top commanders barricaded themselves in an underground bunker to await their fates. On April 29, 1945, Hitler married his long-time mistress, Eva Braun, and the following day, they  committed suicide together  as Russian troops approached the center of Berlin. Their bodies were burned on grounds near the bunker, and the surviving Nazi leaders either killed themselves or fled. Two days later, on May 2, Germany surrendered.

The Legacy and Legend of King Arthur and Heroes of Epic...

Formerly and Future In many ways, the legacy and legend of King Arthur is in alignment with that of the myriad heroes that came before him in ancient times. These heroes include the likes of Achilles, Gilgamesh, and Beowulf. However, principally due to the fact that King Arthur and his exploits are decidedly more modern than those of the aforementioned heroes, there are certain points of variance between his characterization and deeds and those of the figures that existed in ancient times. Therefore, it is accurate to say that Arthur retained many of the qualities endemic to heroes that preceded him, although he demonstrated these qualities in circumstances that were significantly different than that of the heroes of epic poems. One of the key principles of being heroic is to personify a selflessness and a love for ones people. This proclivity came from a number of epic poems, including the Illiad, which details the adventures of Achilles. It was only after Achilles found out about the murder of his best friend, Patroclus, that he was moved to return to battle to avenge his friends death against Hector (Homer). Similarly, Arthur conducts most of his battles and challenges for the sake of his kingdom and his loyal subjects. In Sir Thomas Malorys The Death of Arthur, the only reason why Arthur engages Modred in hand-to-hand combat, knowing that doing so will surely lead to his death, is because he is overwhelmed at the sight of so many of his dead subjects (Malory). This

Essay on Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine - 655 Words

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western Medicine (WM) differ from each other in many ways. TCM favors a holistic approach, views the universe and body philosophically and develops inductive tools and methods to guide restoring the total balance of the body. In Chinese medicine, the correct balance between Yin and Yang make up the vital energy, Qi, an essential life-sustaining substance of which all things are made. Some Traditional remedies include herbal medicines, acupuncture, massage and moxibustion, an herbal heat therapy. Western medicine is closely linked to the scientific method and emphasizes biochemical processes causes disease, its treatment and health. This form of treatment views all medical phenomena as cause-effect†¦show more content†¦They are really fast when it comes to getting better but can trigger some effects called Boomerang Effects. It happens when a person takes a medication and depends on it to help the person without taking some consideration into it. Many medications in WM contain many chemicals which can harm your body if abused. In TCM, chemicals aren’t commonly used at all because many herbal treatments are given and other practices like massages and acupuncture is applied to treat the symptoms and the illness. The two types of medicine have many similarities although. The main factor of the process is to make sure the patient recovers and is able to do all aspects in her life as it were before the issue occurred. Both acknowledge that the patient is suffering an illness cause by the body. Although they treat the patient differently, both aim for a balance and harmony within the body with their medical knowledge. Thank goodness our society in medicine aims for one solid thing and that thing is peace and harmony within TCM and WM are in fact different in more ways than they are similar. I could probably list more differences that I can with similarities. When you are first diagnosed using TCM, doctors believe that your body is not balanced. Where as in the west, they diagnose patients by trying to find out what pathogen is attacking your body and making you sick. They believe that microorganisms are key factors of illnesses. For example, if you wereShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine Versus Western Medicine in Treating Paediatric Eczema - Research Proposal953 Words   |  4 Pagesin paediatrics affects 25% of school going children in Singapore. It is a common skin disorder and the prevalence has increased over the years. Treatment options usually involve the use of corticosteroids in Western Medicine. Researches have shown that the use of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has increased widely in Singapore as an alternate treatment for eczema. The purpose of this pilot study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the two different treatment options, evaluating the durationRead MoreThe Heart Of Modern Medicine1281 Words   |  6 Pagesdepression, and mood swings in cases of cancer patients, and aid their coping skills. The Western medicine has made great strides in treating many kinds of cancer. The powerful new drugs have been developed that kill cancer cells and surgical techniques have been refined, making it possible to cut out many types of cancer. As a result, many of the people are surviving cancer. On the contrary, while Western medicine had many successes in handling cancer itself, it does not focus on the person. By concentratingRead MoreChinese Medicine And China History And Eastern Culture929 Words   |  4 PagesThe Chinese medicine is related to china history and eastern culture. Every culture has its own idea about creation of universe and human being. 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In particular, parasitic diseases affect the world’s poorest populations and represent a huge barrier to improving human health and wellbeing† Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is a prize for people who have most certain impacted mankind in allowing use to understand our bodies, cells, and diseases function. Speak of that later of that statement, if one had to name an infection that has plagued mankind malaria would mostRead MoreA Nobel Science Challenge Of The Malaria Vaccine Institute1481 Words   |  6 Pagesblood cells along with causing complications with the kidneys, lungs, and brain. In more serious cases, it can cause permanent neurological effects and even death. As the Nobel Assembly said at the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, â€Å"Diseases caused by parasites have plagued humankind for a millennium and constitute a major global health problem. In particular, parasitic diseases affect the world’s poorest populations and represent a huge barrier to improving human health and

Analyses Cross Cultural Management Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyses Cross Cultural Management. Answer: Reflection Culture forms the fundaments of how one behaves; reacts or interacts with other individuals or institutions. Culture may depend on the religion or on the geographical location a person belongs to. Culture is the manifestation of ideas, thoughts, art, literature and mannerism of an individual.Cross cultural management in an organization plays a vital role in themanagement of the resources and the work force available at the disposal of the company. It can be defined as the study of themanagement of the staff and the work force in a cultural framework. It analyses and reviews the impact of societal culture on the management of a business organization and on the individuals working for the organization. A persons behavior, mannerism, values, cognitive structures, and reactions are all a reflection of the cultural background they belong to (Ang and Van Dyne 2015). Global ethics Global ethics can be defined as an ethical point of view according to which there are important a several ethical relations between the society and between individual, institution or government living or participating in creating a society. Ethics, principles and values serve as the backbone of any organization. There are some pre conceived notions of guideline that a company should follow in order to operate in a culture or a society. Developing ethics based on culture is one of the areas of development for the cross-cultural management. One of the biggest contributors to the global ethics component is the human resource. For example: Amazon is an American multinational company that has several offices all over the world. Formal wear in America means shirt and tailored pants or skirt for a women, but in India saree is regarded as a formal wear and hence it is important for the company to understand the fact respect it and allow it in the organization. And Amazon India does allow fem ale employees to wear saree as a formal outfit. Ethics is more than setting benchmarks for doing what is right it also has to do with what is the smart thinking(Mach and Baruch 2015). Culture is important and vital part of the life of most human beings and hence it is important for corporate to respect that. It is helps the company garner goodwill from the employee and the industry as well. Culture plays a great role during setting up of holidays in an organization. The company should allow holiday or give an opportunity to celebrate various kinds of festivals owning to the cultural diversity of the workforce. Festivals are associated with emotional value of an individual and that has to be honored by a company. To gather goodwill from the industry as well as the employees, ethics will be given priorities in the organization that I will set up keep in mind not to disrespect anyones sentiments and cultural practices. Team building It is the duty of the management of the company to bring together people from diverse background and guide them to follow the same path to achieve a same goal. It is significant and very important for the day to day operation of the business that the employees have a meaningful relation among one another. It is way more important for a group to work together and efficiently than a solo high performing individual (Jiang et al. 2016). If seen form a philosophical point of view, gathering individuals together who belong form a completely different background, to ideate and put an effort toward the same goal is what makes humans grow as a collective race. Communication is the key to team work and team building exercises motivational lectures and inspiration is very important in this case. In my business venture I would always like people to work as a team because only then will a startup be a success. A practice of tolerance and a broad mind is very important I feel for the growth of a b usiness organization. Communication Communication is the key to any business organizations way of operation. The universally accepted language of business is English but there is a very scarce population of people in the world who is able to read or write in English fluently. There are thousands of ethnicities around the world and thousand as of language that people speak. Hence it seems unfair to deal in just one language. Depending on the nature of the business and the industry the organization is operating in communication has to in accordance to that. For example: a company which has to deal with a lot of middlemen, the mangers should know when to use what language with the person he or she is interacting with (Sucher and Cheung 2015). Suppose an American company is operating in Spain and has to deal with a vendor who understands only Spanish. There has to be a flexibility in the nature of how the organization operates, may be the official work is in English but a vernacular can be used for regular communication ba sed on a persons mother tongue. Most people and experienced scholars believe that vernacular language is going to take over English in the long run as it facilitates business and makes the operation process much smoother and effective. I will keep English as the language of official communication but will always encourage vernacular language usage to communicate with the resources and the management as well. It creates a sense of belonging and for many it also creates confidence (Rode, Huang, and Flynn 2016). There are a lot of skilled and trained people who cannot communicate in English especially spoken English, but the value of an employee should not reduce on the virtue of how he or she cannot speak in a certain language. Many argue to this fact saying that if one is in a field of operation he or she should be prepared for the prerequisites of the industry which includes English language. But language has nothing to do with efficiency rather if language is imposed on a person he or she tends to lose efficiency and perform poorly (Eisenberg et al. 2013). Impact of cultural background of different nations on business ethics The culture of an individual depends largely on the geographical location of the person. For example: the formal attire of America is different from that of India or China. First colonization opened the doors to international waters and people for the first time experienced the taste of other cultures. Then came the globalization of business, every company wants to set a footprint on the globe by expanding and growing (Crane and Matten 2016). Due to globalization and advancement of technology and resources available at the disposal of business organizations, multinational companies have sprung up (Mor et al. 2013). Multinational companies started setting up operational sites in various countries. This is where the importance of cross cultural management has garnered importance. Business ethics are essentially the right things to do while running a business. There are a globally predetermined guidelines and rules that are essential for the development of. Cultures differ from time to time in between countries and geographic location (Mor, Morris and Joh 2013). Culture also depends upon groups and organizations an individual belongs. Hence the culture followed by an organization is highly likely to be different from the place of operation in other nation states. First and foremost it is very essential for an organization to respect and honor the cultural and ethnic background of every employee and customers of the business. For example: scheduling of holidays, celebrating festivals, giving incentives and bonus during the time of need is important for an employee. Etiquette and mannerisms are an important aspect of an individual which is highly influenced by culture. In the professional world there are a number of ways to communicate and these methods are different form one culture to another. Difference in mannerism and etiquettes bring out a difference in attitude. This is very crucial while taking into consideration some aspects of a workplace disagreement, gui delines and regulations, calculated working hours etc. For example: A sign of commitment and achievement is working late and long hours in the workplace, while for others working long hours in the office can portray a lack of ability and efficiency or the de-prioritization ofessential family or personal time. Another example of business ethics difference in cultural context is the difference between an American or English background person may consider a kiss on the cheeks as a sign of approval, but in Asian countries it is considered to be disrespectful, people from India join their hand together and bow their heads to show a sign of approval and humbleness, while people from Japan bow to regard the other person (Matsumoto and Hwang 2013). Punctuality is another concept which has different meanings in different cultures. Various ideas of what means to be on time can often lead to misinterpretation or pessimistic cultural point of view. For example, in the Korean culture it is always considered as a positive sign and a sign of respect to be on time and always ready. While, it is considered to be a bad ritual to be on time for a person who is from Italy or Mexico to be on time. All of this owing to the cultural believes and guidelines a person has been following throughout life (Stahl and Tung 2015). Impact of cultural background of different nations on corporate social responsibility CSR or corporate social responsibility is the duties that an organization has towards the society and the environment. In the present circumstances, the new and improved model of Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR) goes beyond donations and drives the focus of the company to act further ahead of the set requirement and to integrate the social, environmental and ethical concerns of the country into companys businessprocess. Like every other individual enjoys legal rights and performs legal duties towards the nation state, similarly an organization also has to serve some duties and take up some responsibility in the name of society. If seen from a broad perspective cultures can be divided in to two segments eastern culture and western culture. The Cultural background of an individual or a place reflects the values and moral attitude andviewpoint that set standards for the way people should behave and interact with others. Culture matters. In every aspect of our life and there is no do ubt about it. Culture is considered as one of the most important aspect of corporate social responsibility. For example, sustainability is a part of CSR, for a large nation state when there is a huge part of resource and land available will consider sustainability lesser than that of small countries where natural resource is a pressing issue like Japan (Boulouta and Pitelis 2014). A multinational company if wants to carry a CSR activity in some other country than in the host nation should consider the cultural aspect of that particular place. Concentration of the CSR policies and forms of CSR in different countries will be different. Societal problems might be the pressing issues of one country, while environmental aid is the need of the hour of other. CSR activities and policies of the company are based on the individual ethics of the management and the owner of the company. These ethics in an individual is again backed up by the cultural background that the person belongs from. This again manifests into organizational culture and work environment of the organization. Example: CSR policies to promote and elevate the conditions of a dying culture by pooling in resource to revive the art and literature of an ethnic background. The nation state a company belongs to have a culture of its own and owing to that the company has to understand the areas where the soci ety needs help and push form the corporate. The new concept of business that companies are following is the triple bottom line, the three Ps which is people, profit and planet. Because people are one of the pillars of a business institution culture also becomes equally important (Groves, Feyerherm and Gu 2015). Diverse cultural workforce A manager is a person who is the leader of a team and drives the team of a diverse population towards a single goal. As a manger he or she has several responsibilities and one among them is to build a team and be impartial towards the members of the team on any basis. Globalization has caused going beyond the geographical boundaries of a companies, which has in turn manifested in multicultural organizations. In multicultural organizations employees from various nation states come together to work towards a single goal. But it is a difficult task to manage a multi cultural organization in a smooth way without hurting the sentiments of the employees or the consumers of the business (Lenartowicz, Johnson and Konopaske 2014). There are several advantages of diverse cultural workforce in a company; firstly is the improved self-confidence and rising spirits among the workforce. It is important for the management to validate a person and regard his or her efforts keeping aside the cultural difference this in turn behaves like a boost and. This pronouncement of ethics and moral values uplifts the confidence of an individual and is also responsible for the positivity that surrounds the work environment. Cross cultural workforce also allows an individual along with the management to have a broader outlook and teaches positivity along with deeper ideas in every aspect of business dealings. When a group of people from different cultural backgrounds and life experiences come together they share their own perspective to the same topic which in turn helps the company innovate and generate creativity. The increase in the quantity of perspectives and ideas, the quality of the final conclusion or verdict is typically improved. Multinational companies are always on a hunt of expansion and exploration of the business market in the international level, in such cases a diverse workforce is going to serve a better insight about the location of expansion along with the countries or th e regions government policies and prospects (Gelfand et al. 2017). The capability of an organization to interact and communicate efficiently with worlds business market aids to establish strong relationships with partners and suppliers of the business. It is important for an organization to think in a diverse manner in order to understand the requirements of the end consumers as well as the compliance and grievances of the workforce. If a company wants to go global it has to accept that there is a plethora of culture which has to be considered and can also aid to the governance of the business. A company essentially requires resources that can understand and speak the language of the customers' and comprehend to their requirements (Nie et al. 2015). Improved effectiveness and challenges faced by the managers while dealing with cross cultural conflict Managers in a business institution have to set standards for operation in order to handle critical and sensitive issues like culture in the workforce. Team work is crucial in the day to day operating system of an organization in order to ensure healthy team work and attain on single goal coordination becomes significant. Sometimes there are problems among the people belonging form different countries of cultural background, in such cases the managers are expected to work tactfully and try to build harmony among the people by arranging workshops and motivational lectures on cross cultural importance and harmony in the global context (De Jong, Dirks and Gillespie 2016). The blending of resources from varied ethnic and cultural background is one of the biggest challenges that a company faces while expanding in a foreign territory. Multiculturalism is defined as the process by which people from one or more cultural backgrounds come together to work towards the same goal. The leadership s tyles, communication process and various other practices need a little adjustment for the employees who are new to the cultural or the country. Cross cultural management seeks to understand how cultures affect management process of a company thereby implementing strategies to benefit from the culture (Farndale et al. 2015). One of the main challenges of a cross cultural management is the narrow minded outlook of many employees towards other cultural believes and faith. Employees who are new recruited to a new country interact and behave in ways which may not be in sync with the cultural background of the company and the work environment. Some of them may fail to understand key disparities in between their own and other cultures (Trueba, Jacobs and Kirton 2014). It is expected by both the old and the new employees to understand the state of others and adapt one, the managers can help in the understanding process by conducting session on organizational behavior and etiquettes. In some cases there will be people who basically just think about the interest of his or her own. One of the solutions to this problem is to assign tasks to people with similar mindset so that they can understand each other and find a solution to the work process. When a team is being built and the mangers choose the employees it should be kept in mind to have a diverse compilation of people in order to get a better insight about anything. For example: some companies before transferring their employees to a different nation gives them prior training about the basics of the language of the country. This gives the employee an upper to the individual while communicating with peers and managers who are in that country and would like to communicate in that language (Riemer et al. 2014). At times there are financial grievances on the behalf of the people who have been transferred to a new place as coping with the new society can be expensive in order to compensate that companies can issue bonus and incentive structure for the employee. This will keep the employee motivated and also bring about an urge in them to perform better even in foreign locations and circumstances. Managers are advised to avoid any biased feeling towards any resource on the basis of cultural difference. There are several option for the managers to help in the development of skills among the employees, including videotape courses, cross-cultural consultants along with events organized by governments, universities, and training institutes. For a manager it is not possible to understand and to know about every basics of every culture but efforts of knowing some important aspects of the cultural background of the people who are in his or her team can prove to be useful in the management of the team (Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014). References Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L., 2015.Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Boulouta, I. and Pitelis, C.N., 2014. Who needs CSR? The impact of corporate social responsibility on national competitiveness.Journal of Business Ethics,119(3), pp.349-364. Crane, A. and Matten, D., 2016.Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. De Jong, B.A., Dirks, K.T. and Gillespie, N., 2016. Trust and team performance: A meta-analysis of main effects, moderators, and covariates.Journal of Applied Psychology,101(8), p.1134. Eisenberg, J., Lee, H.J., Brck, F., Brenner, B., Claes, M.T., Mironski, J. and Bell, R., 2013. Can business schools make students culturally competent? Effects of cross-cultural management courses on cultural intelligence.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(4), pp.603-621. Farndale, E., Biron, M., Briscoe, D.R. and Raghuram, S., 2015. A global perspective on diversity and inclusion in work organisations. Gelfand, M.J., Aycan, Z., Erez, M. and Leung, K., 2017. Cross-cultural industrial organizational psychology and organizational behavior: A hundred-year journey.Journal of Applied Psychology,102(3), p.514. Groves, K.S., Feyerherm, A. and Gu, M., 2015. Examining cultural intelligence and cross-cultural negotiation effectiveness.Journal of Management Education,39(2), pp.209-243. Jiang, X., Flores, H.R., Leelawong, R. and Manz, C.C., 2016. The effect of team empowerment on team performance: A cross-cultural perspective on the mediating roles of knowledge sharing and intra-group conflict.International Journal of Conflict Management,27(1), pp.62-87. Lenartowicz, T., Johnson, J.P. and Konopaske, R., 2014. The application of learning theories to improve cross-cultural training programs in MNCs.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(12), pp.1697-1719. Mach, M. and Baruch, Y., 2015. Team performance in cross cultural project teams: The moderated mediation role of consensus, heterogeneity, faultlines and trust.Cross Cultural Management,22(3), pp.464-486. Matsumoto, D. and Hwang, H.C., 2013. Assessing cross-cultural competence: A review of available tests.Journal of cross-cultural psychology,44(6), pp.849-873. Mor, S., Morris, M.W. and Joh, J., 2013. Identifying and training adaptive cross-cultural management skills: The crucial role of cultural metacognition.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), pp.453-475. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Nie, Y., Chua, B.L., Yeung, A.S., Ryan, R.M. and Chan, W.Y., 2015. The importance of autonomy support and the mediating role of work motivation for well?being: Testing self?determination theory in a Chinese work organisation.International Journal of Psychology,50(4), pp.245-255. Riemer, H., Shavitt, S., Koo, M. and Markus, H.R., 2014. Preferences dont have to be personal: Expanding attitude theorizing with a cross-cultural perspective.Psychological review,121(4), p.619. Rode, J.C., Huang, X. and Flynn, B., 2016. A cross?cultural examination of the relationships among human resource management practices and organisational commitment: an institutional collectivism perspective.Human Resource Management Journal,26(4), pp.471-489. Stahl, G.K. and Tung, R.L., 2015. Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship.Journal of International Business Studies,46(4), pp.391-414. Sucher, W. and Cheung, C., 2015. The relationship between hotel employees cross-cultural competency and team performance in multi-national hotel companies.International Journal of Hospitality Management,49, pp.93-104. Trueba, H.T., Jacobs, L. and Kirton, E., 2014.Cultural Conflict Adaptation. Routledge.

Joya de la Tierra Essays - Joya, Malalai Joya,

-104775295275 Settle at Joya de la Tierra00 Settle at Joya de la Tierra NEY YORK TIMES August 24, 1825 Come down here and join us at Joya de la Tierra where we only charge twelve and a half cents for one acre. Right now we have our own doctor in commission who has cure d ninety-five percent of his pa t i ents. We also have our own church in the process of being used with its own preacher for the Christian faith. If you can just pledge loyalty to Mexico, practice Christian faith and speak Spanish, we will give you and your whole family seven years of no taxes except for tobacco. Right now we have fifty families have come from Ireland to New York in our colony right now and are expecting twenty more coming in the summer. Once my friend comes over and settles here from Mexico he will be happy to teach Spanish to the colonists. 7143751255395 A New Life Starts Here at Joya de la Tierra A New Life Starts Here at Joya de la Tierra Although we suffered a brief drought over last summer, this spring has given us lovely green lands and fields full of crops. Soon if we get enough people I will start putting in ranches for have the prices of acres. Right now I have settled with the Natives of when they come through for trade and when they can hunt or plant. 4495800246380 For 7 years020000 For 7 years 12477752190750 4762530797500

Standard and Normal Excel Distribution Calculations

Standard and Normal Excel Distribution Calculations Nearly any statistical software package can be used for calculations concerning a normal distribution, more commonly known as a bell curve.  Excel is equipped with a multitude of statistical tables and formulas, and it is quite straightforward to use one of its functions for a normal distribution.  We will see how to use the NORM.DIST and the NORM.S.DIST functions in Excel. Normal Distributions There is an infinite number of normal distributions. A normal distribution is defined by a particular function in which two values have been determined: the mean and the standard deviation. The mean is any real number that indicates the center of the distribution. The standard deviation is a positive real number that is a measurement of how spread out the distribution is. Once we know the values of the mean and standard deviation, the particular normal distribution that we are using has been completely determined. The standard normal distribution is one special distribution out of the infinite number of normal distributions. The standard normal distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Any normal distribution can be standardized to the standard normal distribution by a simple formula. This is why, typically, the only normal distribution with tabled values is that of the standard normal distribution. This type of table is sometimes referred to as a table of z-scores. NORM.S.DIST The first Excel function that we will examine is the NORM.S.DIST function. This function returns the standard normal distribution. There are two arguments required for the function: â€Å"z† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of z is the number of standard deviations away from the mean. So,  z -1.5 is one and a half standard deviations below the mean. The z-score of z 2 is two standard deviations above the mean. The second argument is that of â€Å"cumulative.† There are two possible values that can be entered here: 0 for the value of the probability density function and 1 for the value of the cumulative distribution function. To determine the area under the curve, we will want to enter a 1 here. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.S.DIST(.25, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? There are two interpretations. The first is that the area under the curve for z less than or equal to 0.25 is 0.5987. The second interpretation is that 59.87 percent of the area under the curve for the standard normal distribution occurs when z is less than or equal to 0.25. NORM.DIST The second Excel function that we will look at is the NORM.DIST function. This function returns the normal distribution for a specified mean and standard deviation. There are four arguments required for the function: â€Å"x,† â€Å"mean,† â€Å"standard deviation,† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of x is the observed value of our distribution. The mean and standard deviation are self-explanatory. The last argument of â€Å"cumulative† is identical to that of the NORM.S.DIST function. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.DIST(9, 6, 12, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? The values of the arguments tell us that we are working with the normal distribution that has a mean of 6 and a standard deviation of 12. We are trying to determine what percentage of the distribution occurs for x less than or equal to 9. Equivalently, we want the area under the curve of this particular normal distribution and to the left of the vertical line x 9. NORM.S.DIST vs NORM.DIST There are a couple of things to note in the above calculations. We see that the result for each of these calculations was identical. This is because 9 is 0.25 standard deviations above the mean of 6. We could have first converted x 9 into a z-score of 0.25, but the software does this for us. The other thing to note is that we really don’t need both of these formulas. NORM.S.DIST is a special case of NORM.DIST. If we let the mean equal 0 and the standard deviation equal 1, then the calculations for NORM.DIST match those of NORM.S.DIST. For example, NORM.DIST(2, 0, 1, 1) NORM.S.DIST(2, 1).

Ethical review on preimplanation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Essay

Ethical review on preimplanation genetic diagnosis (PGD) - Essay Example hemophilia or cystic fibrosis). The procedure of PGD involves the following steps. It is usually performed after a woman’s eggs have been harvested and fertilized by her partner’s sperm but before the fertilized eggs have been transferred back to her uterus. When the fertilized egg has multiplied to four and 10-cell development stage, one or two cells known as blastomeres are gently removed from each embryo. This is usually done using a microsurgery technique similar to that used in ICSI. The DNA from the removed blastomeres is then studied for any genetic diseases or disorders. If any are found to be having diseases or disorders, then those embryos are destroyed. Only those healthy embryos with no diseased genes will be transferred back to the mother. PGD has helped to diagnose numerous diseases and disorders classified as either chromosomal disorders, single gene defects or sex-linked disorders. The science of PGD has advanced so much that specific chromosomes are tested for specific disorders, for example Chromosome 13 is analysed for Breast and ovarian cancers, deafness, Wilson Disease; Chromosome 15 for Marfan Syndrome, Tay-Sachs Disease; Chromosome 16 for Polycystic kidney disease, Alpha thalassemia; Chromosome 17 for Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease; Chromosome 18 for Niemann-Pick Disease, pancreatic cancer; Chromosome 21 for Downs Syndrome; Chromosome X for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Turners Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome; and Chromosome Y for Acute myeloidleukemia (Pregnancy-Info.net. 2005). The purpose of this paper is to explain current and likely future uses of PGD, and provide a complete review on the ethical issues on PGD. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a common topic for debate as it is the technique by which early human embryos are genetically screened and then discarded or placed in the uterus. Reports that embryos are being screened for new indications such as

Tyco International Company Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tyco International Company Culture - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that ethics signifies the habit, customs, disposition, and significance of an individual. Ethics has been related to honesty and morality conducted by an individual or employee in their personal or professional lives.   Although, there is no widely accepted definition of   business ethics but according to author Lewis it is defined as rules, standards, principles, codes, which provide guidelines   for the morally right behavior and the truthfulness   in certain specific situations It is observed that an organization with a diverse workforce face various situational dilemma and issues arising out of ethical values. Ethics can be termed asset of moral standards that help the managers and the employees to arrive at a unified decision with the stakeholders. The influence of the legal laws on the managerial decision making is huge and has a considerable amount of influence on the personal and professional lives of the people. Tyco Intern ational Ltd It was observed that after the scandalous activity performed by the management of Enron Corporation the share prices of Tyco International started decreasing gradually. Initially, the accountability of the decreasing shares was given to the heavy intraday trading on a particular day which amounted to the US $68 million. However, the share price of the company started decreasing drastically from $4.45 to $ 47.95 per share. The final blow to the employees and the shareholders was when the management announced that the total earnings of the company had dropped down drastically to 24 percent in the year 2001 compared to the year 2000. The share price of the company had dropped down to $29.90 which was a decrease of 50 percent since January 2002. Tyco International was facing one of the biggest financial crises and the incident had sparked controversies in the entire United States of America. This had led to the management of the company to borrow funds and an analyst had cal led the situation as â€Å"crisis in confidence†.

Source I suggests that attitudes to Elvis Presley Essay Example for Free

Source I suggests that attitudes to Elvis Presley Essay Q. 5. Source I suggests that attitudes to Elvis Presley were beginning to change by 1958. Use the source, and you own knowledge, to explain why this was happening. By 1958 Elvis Presleys popularity and acceptability with adults was still unchanged, and his manager, Colonel Parker, decided to revamp Elvis image to better suit the tastes of the older generations. In order to achieve this Elvis was persuaded to do what every other young American man was obliged to do at the time: spend time assigned to the US Army for National Service, wearing fatigues and earning a pittance. This gained him good publicity as can be seen from Source I, which is obviously keen on Elvis as it is using him to demonstrate the brilliance of Americas society and American democracy. The article is making use of his rise to fame (how he was a nobody who became a somebody so quickly) to prove how the American dream (how anybody can be famous and dreams can come true in America) is really possible. The article also states how Elvis did not simply use his riches and influence to buy his way out of this duty to his country. By serving his time in the Army alongside other, ordinary draftees and not asking for special favours, and because of the good publicity he got from it, Elvis gained great respect from the older, patriotic generation, making them feel less negative towards him. It would have seemed now to parents that Elvis was setting a good, nationalistic example to their children, showing them the right path, and they liked him and the impact he was having better for this reason. He was also seen as not rebelling against what society expected of him, again making him more acceptable by the old as a role model for the young. The source differs from sources B and C in that it is not being critical of Elvis, and it is showing how he might have a good influence rather than a wholly bad one. The opinions have changed so much at this point and continued to change after Elvis returned from the Army mainly because Elvis was no longer as shocking, and therefore not as dangerous an influence on the young, or the morality of American society through outrageous television performances (after the third Sullivan appearance, Elvis manager raised his television price from $50000 to $300000, and the networks refused the new proposal, so Elvis didnt do TV again until 1960). For example, Elvis shocking ducktail haircut was shorn, and Pageant magazine reported: Fans cried, parents sighed. On becoming a G. I. in the Army, Elvis said: Its a duty Ive got to fill, and Im gonna do it. I guess the only thing Ill hate about it is leaving my mama. Shes always been my best girl. This showed that Elvis had family values, and love for his mother, which would have made him seen more normal and down-to-earth (or less shocking and less rebellious). Again Elvis would have made parents think he would lead their children the right way, rather then corrupting their morals. By the time Elvis had returned from the Army in 1960, his TV appearances would have lost their initial shock. He was still popular, but the primal hysteria was gone, and shortly the fan magazines for teenagers would have had the Beatles to talk about. After joining the Army, Elvis also changed his musical style, performing some religious songs and doing a duet with Frank Sinatra, the grown-ups music star, making him a lot more acceptable, even likeable. It was around this time that Elvis started to star in his own films, but these films werent action packed or shocking. They were mainly romances and love stories, portraying the softer, tenderer side of Elvis that seemed less threatening to the adult generation. Generally, adults attitudes towards Elvis were beginning to improve by 1958 because of the change in his image. The youth however maintained their rebelliousness, and Elvis popularity among teenagers dropped slightly as they saw that adults found him more acceptable, or lost interest because he was no longer as downright shocking or rebellious as before.

Grendel and Beowulf Heroism :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Intentions and Heroism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A building is ablaze and a crowd of people stare helplessly from the streets, listening to screams coming from within. A single person runs in to rescues whomever he or she can find. Whether or not that person emerges with a child in their arms, empty handed, or not at all, does nothing to alter our society’s perception of their heroism. Today’s society would classify such an action as heroic, regardless of outcome, for one reason: intentions. During Anglo-Saxton times the interpretation of such an act, based on the tale Beowulf, would not be so understanding of what was intended, but rather of the outcome. If one perished and failed in an attempt of such a heroic act words like weakness might arise. It is here that the clash of what a hero is occurs between the Anglo-Saxton tale Beowulf and John Gardner’s Grendel. Beowulf in Beowulf is a hero for he defeats evil and restores order to and for the common people. Unferth in Grendel however is un successful in his campaign against evil, but like the man who emerges empty handed he is by no means any less of a hero. For heroism, as demonstrated in the Anglo-Saxton tale Beowulf, is altered in Gardner’s Grendel to convey the idea that intentions define a hero as opposed to actions. Beowulf is a classic hero in Beowulf for he fits the epitomized romantic mold so perfectly. His appearance is that of a hero, he is large, muscular, and intimidating. His intentions are also in the right place, he wishes to free Hrothgar’s people from the evil that is Grendel. He is a mature man, one who in the face of belittlement responds respectably and effectively. â€Å"Then up spoke Unferth†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Are you that Beowulf who with Breca swam on the broad sea-swell struggling together proud wave-wrestlers wagering your lives with reckless boasting risking for praise deep water-death?...† Beowulf answered†¦Ã¢â‚¬ and you were never known for such deeds nothing to brag of renowned as you are for killing your brothers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p.17-18 Beowulf) Beowulf doesn’t put Unferth down; rather he reminds him that he has no place to talk of heroic deeds and moves on. Gardner’s version of Beowulf is a much different person. â€Å"The eyes slanted downward, never blinking, unfeeling as snake’s† (p. 154) â€Å"The sea-pale eyes of the stranger were focused on nothing† (p. 155) â€Å"The stranger smiled on, he downward slanting eyes like empty pits.

Government budgeting Essay

Government budgeting is the critical exercise of allocating revenues and borrowed funds to attain the economic and social goals of the country. It also entails the management of government expenditures in such a way that will create the most economic impact from the production and delivery of goods and services while supporting a healthy fiscal position. GOVERNMENT BUDGET In general, a government budget is the financial plan of a government for a given period, usually for a fiscal year, which shows what its resources are, and how they will be generated and used over the fiscal period. The budget is the government’s key instrument for promoting its socio-economic objectives. Budgeting approaches or modes and techniques used in the Philippine government are characterized into three major orientations: * Control-orientation in budgeting is the process of enforcing or applying limitations and conditions that are set in the budget * Management-oriented budgeting involves the use of budgetary authority at both agency levels to ensure the efficient use of resources * Planning-orientation in budgeting is the process of determining public objectives and the evaluation of alternative programs. FOUR (4) BUDGETING METHODS 1. Line-Item Budgeting The line-item budgeting approach emphasizes listing of objects for itemized expenditure such as personnel, supplies, and equipment without much regard for the purpose of programs or projects for which such items are proposed. It also controls expenditures at the department or agency level giving emphasis on the accounting aspect of the government operations in terms of items bought or paid. 2. Performance Budgeting In performance budgeting, objects of expenditures are grouped into categories related to the specific services or products an institution produces, as against objects it purchases, and the development of product cost measurements of activities or services so that managers can measure the efficiency or productivity of spending agencies. 3. Planning, Programming and Budgeting System PPBS is an answer to the need for an economic allocation of resources and the undertaking of government policy, program analysis, and cost utility analysis to improve the policy decision process of government. The scheme requires agency managers to identify program objectives, develop measuring program output, calculate total program costs over the long-run, prepare detailed multi-year program and financial plans, and analyze the costs and benefits of alternative program designs. The system provides a strong linkage between planning and budgeting. 4. Zero-Based Budgeting ZBB is an operating, planning, and budgeting method which requires every agency manager to justify his entire budget systems in detail and transfers the burden of proof to each manager why he should spend any money. It underscores the analysis of all budgetary expenditures to answer effectiveness in achieving organizational goals. The term â€Å"zero-based† refers to the yearly analysis, evaluation, and justification of each program/project/activity starting form zero performance level. BUDGET CYCLE (FOUR PHASES) 1. Budget Preparation This involves the formulation or devisement of a national budget based on budgetary priorities and activities given available revenues and borrowing limits. The Development Budget Coordination Committee (DBCC), an interagency body, conducts consultations and studies on fiscal and financial issues with the objective of determining overall expenditure levels, revenue projection, deficit levels, and the financing plan. These are then forwarded to the cabinet and the President for approval. After approval by the President, the Department of Budget and Management (DBM) issues a Budget Call. The call usually issued in November directs the different agencies to prepare their respective budget proposals in accordance with approved budget ceilings. 2. Budget Authorization or Legislation In this phase of the budget cycle, the budget is reviewed by the House of Representatives and followed by the Senate through consultation and justification by department and agency heads of their budget proposals. Conflicting provisions are worked out and harmonized by a conference committee. Once a common budget bill has been approved by both chambers, it is submitted to the President for approval. The product of the President’s approval of the proposed budget legislation is the General Appropriations Act (GAA). 3. Budget Execution This phase of budget cycle is the implementation of the General Appropriations Act. The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) implements the national budget through the administrative supervision of the President. The Bureau of Treasury of the Department of Finance (DOF) coordinates with the DBM so that cash releases by the latter are based on collected revenues by DOF. 4. Budget Accountability Budget accountability is the analysis and review of the agency operating performance, systems and procedures, and the evaluation of agency accomplishments relative to cost incurred. It compares actual expenditures and performance with the planned expenditures and predetermined targets of the organization. While distinctly separate, these processes overlap in the implementation during a budget year. Budget preparation for the next budget year proceeds while government agencies are executing the budget for the current year and at the same time engaged in budget accountability and review of the past year’s budget.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1939 Words

Fitzgerald was an inspired individual and had the remarkable ability to write in such a way that his written works are everlasting echoes of his own life. F. Scott Fitzgerald was a literary genius and his work; The Great Gatsby was not only a reflection of his own life, but an outlet for the ever-changing society of the 1920s. The Great Gatsby was influenced by the standards of this time period. The 1920s were an age of excess, characterized by opulence and false satisfaction. American society reached an apparent peak of wealth, and wealthy New Yorkers drowned among illegal alcohol and lavish goods. The important people in his life also impacted Fitzgerald, and characters in his novel could be compared with many people in his life, among†¦show more content†¦January 16, 1920 brought about a new era that outlawed the selling of alcohol, yet allowed the purchase of alcohol. The new prohibition era dramatically altered the diets of the Americans where alcohol was once a staple, now leaving American families reeling due to their conflicted emotions about the purchase of alcohol (Kyvig 3). Not only were diets drastically altered, the job market experienced a negative rise in illegal professions. A large percent of the American people saw the prohibition as unnecessary and an error, and as a result did not take the laws regarding the consumption of alcohol seriously (Kyvig 179). As people sought after alcohol, the rise of bootleggers and speakeasy owners rose during the 1920s, and Fitzgerald embraced this as the profession for his protagonist, Jay Gatsby. At Gatsby’s parties, alcohol flowed freely, I ve been drunk for about a week now, and I thought it might sober me up to sit in a library (Fitzgerald 61). Regardless of the prohibition, Gatsby had the ability to get drunk and drink consistently. Fitzgerald created an air of mystery surrounding the source of Jay Gatsby’s ability to get alcohol. In The Great Gatsby partygoers would compare wild s tories that they believed accredited for Gatsby’s unbelievable wealth that afforded him alcohol. In the voice of Tom Buchanan, Fitzgerald revealed that Gatsby was indeed a bootlegger. Tom stated â€Å"He and this Wolfsheim bought up a lot of side-street drug-stores here and in Chicago and